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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Signalflussgraph</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Ein <b>Signalflussgraph</b> ist eine Darstellung der Signalverarbeitung in einem System durch einen <a href="Gerichteter_Graph" title="Gerichteter Graph">gerichteten</a>, <a href="Graph_(Graphentheorie)#Gewichtete_Graphen" title="Graph (Graphentheorie)">gewichteten Graphen</a>. Die Knoten dieses Graphen sind dabei kleine Bearbeitungseinheiten, die die eingehenden Signale in einer bestimmten Form verarbeiten und das Ergebnis dann an alle ausgehenden Kanten senden<sup id="cite_ref-feedback_theory_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feedback_theory-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Vom <a href="Signalflussplan" title="Signalflussplan">Signalflussplan</a> unterscheiden sie sich durch die Bedeutung der Knoten und Kanten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Begriffe">Begriffe</h2></div>
<p>Signalflussgraphen sind formal definiert. Deshalb zunächst einige Begriffsdefinitionen.
</p>
<ul><li>Ein <b>Pfad</b> ist eine zusammenhängende Folge von Verbindungen (Kanten) zwischen Knoten in einer Richtung. Im Beispiel ist (X3→X4→X5) ein Pfad.</li>
<li>Ein <b>Eingangsknoten</b> hat nur ausgehende Pfade. X1 ist Eingangsknoten.</li>
<li>Ein <b>Ausgangsknoten</b> hat nur eingehende Pfade. X6 ist Ausgangsknoten.</li>
<li>Ein <b>Vorwärtspfad</b> führt in Richtung Ausgangsknoten. (X2→X3→X4) und (X3→X7→X6) sind Vorwärtspfade.</li>
<li>Ein <b>Rückwärtspfad</b> führt in Richtung Eingangsknoten. (X5→X8→X2) ist ein Rückwärtspfad.</li>
<li>Eine <b>Rückkopplungsschleife</b> liegt vor, wenn Anfangsknoten und Endknoten gleich sind. (X2→X3→X4→X5→X8→X2) ist eine Rückkopplungsschleife.</li>
<li>Eine <b>selbstbezogene Schleife</b> ist ein Pfad der von einem Knoten direkt wieder zum gleichen Knoten führt, ohne über andere Knoten zu führen.</li></ul>
<p>Bild 1 zeigt einen allgemeinen gerichteten, gewichteten Graphen im mathematischen Sinn. Zum Signalflussgraphen wird er erst durch folgende Vereinbarungen:
</p>
<ul><li>Ein <b>Knoten</b> stellt ein Signal dar.</li>
<li>Eine <b>Kante</b> stellt über ihr Gewicht die Verarbeitung des Signals dar. Sie erzeugt also ein neues Signal.</li></ul>
<p>Weiterhin gilt:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y,X_{1},X_{2}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y,X_{1},X_{2}\,}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29f765f9ae4481c72f57931436122b550661d065.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.185ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y,X_{1},X_{2}\,}" loading="lazy"></span> sind statische Signale.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t),x_{1}(t),x_{2}(t)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t),x_{1}(t),x_{2}(t)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04f575e4e9b788817840ee5bb715db5efc721ac7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.325ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t),x_{1}(t),x_{2}(t)\,}" loading="lazy"></span> sind kontinuierliche Signale.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(s),X_{1}(s),X_{2}(s)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(s),X_{1}(s),X_{2}(s)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e526794637b5e76848265dac541470981316d076.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.885ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(s),X_{1}(s),X_{2}(s)\,}" loading="lazy"></span> sind deren <a href="Laplace-Transformation" title="Laplace-Transformation">Laplace-Transformierte</a>.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(n),x_{1}(n),x_{2}(n)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(n),x_{1}(n),x_{2}(n)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7029a5dd63b1e295f350fc7e2992d21632fc093.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.99ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(n),x_{1}(n),x_{2}(n)\,}" loading="lazy"></span> sind diskrete Signale.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(z),X_{1}(z),X_{2}(z)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(z),X_{1}(z),X_{2}(z)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b66b19988e84d864a502d39eda00048570c000f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.878ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(z),X_{1}(z),X_{2}(z)\,}" loading="lazy"></span> sind deren <a href="Z-Transformation" title="Z-Transformation">Z-Transformierte</a>.</li></ul>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G,G_{1},G_{2}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G,G_{1},G_{2}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b6cc6285b1361dc625558f38045fe89b8304e54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.044ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G,G_{1},G_{2}\,}" loading="lazy"></span> sind Übertragungsfaktoren.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(t),G_{1}(t),G_{2}(t)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(t),G_{1}(t),G_{2}(t)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c09056d81a8314502b74d1f8a479ad54f0903c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.99ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(t),G_{1}(t),G_{2}(t)\,}" loading="lazy"></span> sind kontinuierliche <a href="Impulsantwort" title="Impulsantwort">Impulsantwortfunktionen</a>.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(s),G_{1}(s),G_{2}(s)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(s),G_{1}(s),G_{2}(s)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/970f7bb79d569ad7acf0352f8d48f26f77e1470f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.743ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(s),G_{1}(s),G_{2}(s)\,}" loading="lazy"></span> sind kontinuierliche <a href="%C3%9Cbertragungsfunktion" title="Übertragungsfunktion">Übertragungsfunktionen</a>.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(n),G_{1}(n),G_{2}(n)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(n),G_{1}(n),G_{2}(n)\,}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/134a26fbd877e452bc5ecbca8a1ae21d937fdb0c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.656ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(n),G_{1}(n),G_{2}(n)\,}" loading="lazy"></span> sind diskrete Impulsantwortfunktionen.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(z),G_{1}(z),G_{2}(z)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(z),G_{1}(z),G_{2}(z)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19a6169c07c4134f0e96ef9e4fcf2249ce67bfb0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.736ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(z),G_{1}(z),G_{2}(z)\,}" loading="lazy"></span> sind diskrete Übertragungsfunktionen.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elemente_eines_Signalflussgraphen">Elemente eines Signalflussgraphen</h2></div>
<p>Die <b>Addition</b> erfolgt im Zielknoten.
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=X_{1}+X_{2}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=X_{1}+X_{2}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd9345a26d4eb37f947db10a873e6333da51991d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.056ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=X_{1}+X_{2}\,}" loading="lazy"></span>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t)=x_{1}(t)+x_{2}(t)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t)=x_{1}(t)+x_{2}(t)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a8734ba572b63691245674638510b5ee658c929a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.196ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t)=x_{1}(t)+x_{2}(t)\,}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(s)=X_{1}(s)+X_{2}(s)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(s)=X_{1}(s)+X_{2}(s)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d40b2f36f6bb3a6e9bffb084864d5d548a3ae59.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.756ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(s)=X_{1}(s)+X_{2}(s)\,}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(n)=x_{1}(n)+x_{2}(n)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(n)=x_{1}(n)+x_{2}(n)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e167143f3f7b8b5a92d9f532a127ae714c9c4542.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.861ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(n)=x_{1}(n)+x_{2}(n)\,}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(z)=X_{1}(z)+X_{2}(z)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(z)=X_{1}(z)+X_{2}(z)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d08d10f81fe8a8b3ae24b15ab2d174f7fca6489.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.749ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(z)=X_{1}(z)+X_{2}(z)\,}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Die <b>Multiplikation</b> mit einer Konstanten wird unter anderem für die Verarbeitung der Koeffizienten einer Differenzialgleichung verwendet.
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=a\cdot X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=a\cdot X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6999cca059ca65828e48fecf6a96211ef5dcaf2d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.761ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=a\cdot X}" loading="lazy"></span>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t)=a\cdot x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t)=a\cdot x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f515bd24f5d7d786f87a39f7d24fce8440c6a0e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.79ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t)=a\cdot x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(s)=a\cdot X(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(s)=a\cdot X(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c786f22d837be7b4956c8516deff6f7c3f7476b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.56ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(s)=a\cdot X(s)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(n)=a\cdot x(n)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(n)=a\cdot x(n)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e56a80d39dd4d565944ed9c8618a5cc936cf1a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.901ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(n)=a\cdot x(n)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(z)=a\cdot X(z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(z)=a\cdot X(z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a161653750fda9c35c96cd52d57cdd787cf72af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.556ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(z)=a\cdot X(z)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Die <b>Faltung</b> ist ein allgemeines Übertragungsglied.
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t)=\int _{0}^{t}G(t-\tau )\cdot x(\tau )d\tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t)=\int _{0}^{t}G(t-\tau )\cdot x(\tau )d\tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d98becc2567810042bba1a64281d05143075a0c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:27.536ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t)=\int _{0}^{t}G(t-\tau )\cdot x(\tau )d\tau }" loading="lazy"></span>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(s)=G(s)\cdot X(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(s)=G(s)\cdot X(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9bf3c73abde34022cc11d45b36603d3cf1ea5f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.057ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(s)=G(s)\cdot X(s)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(n)=\sum _{i=0}^{n}G(n-i)\cdot x(i)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(n)=\sum _{i=0}^{n}G(n-i)\cdot x(i)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/557aede0d6382a12cea42b5c59281942d9b7c17d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:25.494ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(n)=\sum _{i=0}^{n}G(n-i)\cdot x(i)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(z)=G(z)\cdot X(z)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(z)=G(z)\cdot X(z)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50673789f54460ee2b96f3a74abd6eb00912c480.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.437ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(z)=G(z)\cdot X(z)\,}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Den <b>Integrator</b> gibt es nur in zeitlich kontinuierlichen Systemen.
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t)=\int _{0}^{t}x(\tau )d\tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t)=\int _{0}^{t}x(\tau )d\tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2cf0874edad363717872b6c1aee63f6ecf216fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:17.339ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t)=\int _{0}^{t}x(\tau )d\tau }" loading="lazy"></span>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(s)={\frac {1}{s}}X(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>s</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(s)={\frac {1}{s}}X(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8d2e2c0a3be7d605ae55150e4cb0d525fb4f290.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.65ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(s)={\frac {1}{s}}X(s)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Das <b>Verzögerungsglied</b> gibt es nur in zeitlich diskreten Systemen.
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(n)=x(n-1)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(n)=x(n-1)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/915d7a08162d2f336591361078fdd68641329785.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.382ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(n)=x(n-1)\,}" loading="lazy"></span>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(z)=z^{-1}\cdot X(z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(z)=z^{-1}\cdot X(z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/099771a67a53520d4d0fd3b624bc656f28a4a53a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.749ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(z)=z^{-1}\cdot X(z)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grundschaltungen">Grundschaltungen</h2></div>
<p>Für Signalflussgrafen gelten gleiche Regeln wie für Signalflusspläne. Der einzige Unterschied ist die grafische Darstellung.
Auf eine Darstellung der Beziehungen im Zeitbereich wurde hier verzichtet, da diese zu unübersichtlich sind. Die Verhältnisse sind im Bildbereich wesentlich einfacher. Mit den Grundschaltungen können komplexe Signalflussgraphen umgeformt, und damit vereinfacht, werden.
</p><p><b>Reihenschaltung</b>
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=G_{1}\cdot G_{2}\cdot X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=G_{1}\cdot G_{2}\cdot X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb605770c6db94fc7f4811e7b44e22d179800147.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.972ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=G_{1}\cdot G_{2}\cdot X}" loading="lazy"></span>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(s)=G_{1}(s)\cdot G_{2}(s)\cdot X(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(s)=G_{1}(s)\cdot G_{2}(s)\cdot X(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e14bd92fb92d1f71ec6f39bd3f7c845c055dde2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.571ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(s)=G_{1}(s)\cdot G_{2}(s)\cdot X(s)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(z)=G_{1}(z)\cdot G_{2}(z)\cdot X(z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(z)=G_{1}(z)\cdot G_{2}(z)\cdot X(z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b473bb94f51616846a1ea162e77523cc97921cb0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.562ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(z)=G_{1}(z)\cdot G_{2}(z)\cdot X(z)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Parallelschaltung</b>
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=(G_{1}+G_{2})\cdot X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=(G_{1}+G_{2})\cdot X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bfa9802cece2ccc93fdb7ea72e368dd869b92cbb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.942ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=(G_{1}+G_{2})\cdot X}" loading="lazy"></span>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(s)=(G_{1}(s)+G_{2}(s))\cdot X(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(s)=(G_{1}(s)+G_{2}(s))\cdot X(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9944e35cd8beb3b67ab4ca67d52b4299f2b4df5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.541ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(s)=(G_{1}(s)+G_{2}(s))\cdot X(s)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(z)=(G_{1}(z)+G_{2}(z))\cdot X(z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(z)=(G_{1}(z)+G_{2}(z))\cdot X(z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73e3e3e2c536c58d78ad093c20f753ff597a2d25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.532ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(z)=(G_{1}(z)+G_{2}(z))\cdot X(z)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Rückkopplung</b>
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y={\frac {G_{1}}{1+G_{1}\cdot G_{2}}}\cdot X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y={\frac {G_{1}}{1+G_{1}\cdot G_{2}}}\cdot X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/346cad036cf4752a72f371267fcfb6f3262ad890.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.811ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y={\frac {G_{1}}{1+G_{1}\cdot G_{2}}}\cdot X}" loading="lazy"></span>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(s)={\frac {G_{1}(s)}{1+G_{1}(s)\cdot G_{2}(s)}}\cdot X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(s)={\frac {G_{1}(s)}{1+G_{1}(s)\cdot G_{2}(s)}}\cdot X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cff72779cc3e06f50c6cc7849bf7411ced30cdb1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:29.51ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(s)={\frac {G_{1}(s)}{1+G_{1}(s)\cdot G_{2}(s)}}\cdot X}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y(z)={\frac {G_{1}(z)}{1+G_{1}(z)\cdot G_{2}(z)}}\cdot X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y(z)={\frac {G_{1}(z)}{1+G_{1}(z)\cdot G_{2}(z)}}\cdot X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b585c58bc0560032ea9d79b914d612ec5ab821bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:29.503ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y(z)={\frac {G_{1}(z)}{1+G_{1}(z)\cdot G_{2}(z)}}\cdot X}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erstellen_von_Signalflussgraphen">Erstellen von Signalflussgraphen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aus_der_Differentialgleichung">Aus der Differentialgleichung</h3></div>
<p>Gegeben sei die gewöhnliche, lineare, inhomogene Differenzialgleichung mit konstanten Koeffizienten 4. Ordnung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{4}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{4}}}+a_{3}{\frac {d^{3}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{3}}}+a_{2}{\frac {d^{2}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{2}}}+a_{1}{\frac {d\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt}}+a_{0}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)=x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{4}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{4}}}+a_{3}{\frac {d^{3}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{3}}}+a_{2}{\frac {d^{2}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{2}}}+a_{1}{\frac {d\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt}}+a_{0}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)=x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/396f31743b6df86d97726e51a0ea71854aa175eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:67.791ex; height:8.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{4}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{4}}}+a_{3}{\frac {d^{3}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{3}}}+a_{2}{\frac {d^{2}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{2}}}+a_{1}{\frac {d\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt}}+a_{0}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)=x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wir führen die 4 Zustandsgrößen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1}=\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1}=\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1434bb7f1a822d03bb9817e88c0f3e7172bc21b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:11.791ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1}=\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{2}={\dot {x}}_{1}={\frac {d\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{2}={\dot {x}}_{1}={\frac {d\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9cf8cf1ac314d0d2630d75c20ae5505a79300fbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:18.552ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{2}={\dot {x}}_{1}={\frac {d\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{3}={\dot {x}}_{2}={\frac {d^{2}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{3}={\dot {x}}_{2}={\frac {d^{2}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eda432c9761b67b5e7f829347de0e6b862abe39f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:19.609ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{3}={\dot {x}}_{2}={\frac {d^{2}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{4}={\dot {x}}_{3}={\frac {d^{3}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{3}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{4}={\dot {x}}_{3}={\frac {d^{3}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{3}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9db70380d6d288a61e11ab717360d0229f296569.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:19.609ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{4}={\dot {x}}_{3}={\frac {d^{3}\left({\frac {y}{b_{0}}}\right)}{dt^{3}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ein. Damit kann die Differenzialgleichung 4. Ordnung in ein System von 4 Differenzialgleichungen 1. Ordnung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}_{1}=x_{2},{\dot {x}}_{2}=x_{3},{\dot {x}}_{3}=x_{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}_{1}=x_{2},{\dot {x}}_{2}=x_{3},{\dot {x}}_{3}=x_{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82703da4183ab802be178f416066ea8e906585af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.667ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}_{1}=x_{2},{\dot {x}}_{2}=x_{3},{\dot {x}}_{3}=x_{4}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}_{4}=-a_{0}x_{1}-a_{1}x_{2}-a_{2}x_{3}-a_{3}x_{4}+x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}_{4}=-a_{0}x_{1}-a_{1}x_{2}-a_{2}x_{3}-a_{3}x_{4}+x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a08ab85e7721c3bd5402f09214bb0614ae2c2451.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:38.654ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}_{4}=-a_{0}x_{1}-a_{1}x_{2}-a_{2}x_{3}-a_{3}x_{4}+x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der Ausgangsgleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=b_{0}x_{1}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=b_{0}x_{1}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/959c563e41b07664d7bb696666fc91476c15539b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=b_{0}x_{1}\,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>überführt werden. Wir brauchen also eine Reihenschaltung von 4 Integratoren im Vorwärtspfad des Signalflussgrafen. Die Multiplikation mit den Koeffizienten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{i},i=0...3\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0...3</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{i},i=0...3\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2dd0621d929e3f7a90fad6afa41db34ce0513c91.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.617ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{i},i=0...3\,}" loading="lazy"></span> erfolgt in den zum Summations-Knoten führenden Rückwärtspfaden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aus_der_Übertragungsfunktion"><span id="Aus_der_.C3.9Cbertragungsfunktion"></span>Aus der Übertragungsfunktion</h3></div>
<p>Gegeben sei die Übertragungsfunktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(s)={\frac {b_{3}s^{3}+b_{2}s^{2}+b_{1}s+b_{0}}{s^{4}+a_{3}s^{3}+a_{2}s^{2}+a_{1}s+a_{0}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
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<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
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<msup>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(s)={\frac {b_{3}s^{3}+b_{2}s^{2}+b_{1}s+b_{0}}{s^{4}+a_{3}s^{3}+a_{2}s^{2}+a_{1}s+a_{0}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a33ce4d31df910a6b8e54d92cfe8bd2551caaca5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:36.683ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(s)={\frac {b_{3}s^{3}+b_{2}s^{2}+b_{1}s+b_{0}}{s^{4}+a_{3}s^{3}+a_{2}s^{2}+a_{1}s+a_{0}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Nach Multiplikation von Zähler und Nenner mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s^{-4}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
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</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s^{-4}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/25a225d11dd0a2f0cc2918a5ed5ed12bc4fbca09.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.81ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s^{-4}\,}" loading="lazy"></span> hat die Übertragungsfunktion eine Form aus der sofort die benötigten Integratoren ersichtlich sind.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(s)={\frac {b_{3}s^{-1}+b_{2}s^{-2}+b_{1}s^{-3}+b_{0}s^{-4}}{1+a_{3}s^{-1}+a_{2}s^{-2}+a_{1}s^{-3}+a_{0}s^{-4}}}}">
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<msup>
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<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(s)={\frac {b_{3}s^{-1}+b_{2}s^{-2}+b_{1}s^{-3}+b_{0}s^{-4}}{1+a_{3}s^{-1}+a_{2}s^{-2}+a_{1}s^{-3}+a_{0}s^{-4}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2d5537b0cf707742998fa42521d2224c606f3a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:44.014ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(s)={\frac {b_{3}s^{-1}+b_{2}s^{-2}+b_{1}s^{-3}+b_{0}s^{-4}}{1+a_{3}s^{-1}+a_{2}s^{-2}+a_{1}s^{-3}+a_{0}s^{-4}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im Zähler stehen die Faktoren des Vorwärtspfades und im Nenner die des Rückwärtspfades. Damit kann der Signalflussgraph direkt gezeichnet werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aus_dem_Signalflussplan">Aus dem Signalflussplan</h3></div>
<p>Durch Vertauschung von Knoten und Kanten erhält man aus dem Signalflussgraphen den Signalflussplan und umgekehrt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modifikationen_von_Signalflussgraphen">Modifikationen von Signalflussgraphen</h2></div>
<p>In gleicher Weise, wie <a href="Lineares_Gleichungssystem" title="Lineares Gleichungssystem">lineare Gleichungssysteme</a> umgeformt werden können, kann auch der dazugehörige Signalflussgraph umgeformt werden. Im Folgenden werden einige Regeln erläutert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallele_Kanten_zusammenfassen">Parallele Kanten zusammenfassen</h3></div>
<p>Unterschiedliche Kanten mit der gleichen Quelle und der gleichen Senke können zu einer Kante zusammengefasst werden. Es wird also das <a href="Distributivgesetz" title="Distributivgesetz">Distributivgesetz</a> angewandt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1}*a+x_{1}*b=x_{1}*(a+b)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1}*a+x_{1}*b=x_{1}*(a+b)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e9e86147d7204aff068c64511938ecda76622ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.779ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1}*a+x_{1}*b=x_{1}*(a+b)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Dazu müssen im Signalflussgraphen die Vektoren der zusammengefassten Kanten addiert werden<sup id="cite_ref-Modifikation_von_Signalflussgraphen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modifikation_von_Signalflussgraphen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequentielle_Kanten_zusammenfassen">Sequentielle Kanten zusammenfassen</h3></div>
<p>Werden drei Punkte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
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<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> ausschließlich durch zwei Kanten derart verbunden, so dass gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\rightarrow b\rightarrow c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
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<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\rightarrow b\rightarrow c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92b7a132905097ffff2a0131604af7bb2eea9b8f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.462ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\rightarrow b\rightarrow c}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann kann der mittlere Knoten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> aus der Darstellung herausgenommen werden<sup id="cite_ref-Modifikation_von_Signalflussgraphen_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modifikation_von_Signalflussgraphen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Es wird also das <a href="Assoziativgesetz" title="Assoziativgesetz">Assoziativgesetz</a> angewandt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x_{1}*a)*b=x_{1}*(a*b)}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x_{1}*a)*b=x_{1}*(a*b)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ec86dc3450a5ec2761b21e25a381185fa0e6461.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.718ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x_{1}*a)*b=x_{1}*(a*b)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-feedback_theory-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-feedback_theory_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason, Samuel J.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4051460&tag=1"><i>Feedback Theory – Some Properties of Signal Flow Graphs</i></a>, Proceeding of the <a href="Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">IRE</a>, 1953, vol. 41, S. 1144–1156</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Modifikation_von_Signalflussgraphen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Modifikation_von_Signalflussgraphen_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Modifikation_von_Signalflussgraphen_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Strauß, Frieder: <i>Grundkurs Hochfrequenztechnik</i>, Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, Wiesbaden 2012, S. 172–175</span>
</li>
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